You must avoid the major grammatical errors to receive a passing grade. These include the following with the symbols or abbreviations used to identify them:
Sentence fragments: FR
Faulty parallelism: PAR
Unclear pronoun reference: REF
Superfluous commas
Comma splices (or comma faults): CS (or CF)
Run-on (or fused) sentences: RO
The three errors commonly thought to be most serious are these: Sentence fragments, comma splices (or comma faults), and fused (or run-on) sentences

Daily Required Reading Assignments

(Page numbers refer to the Kennedy literature anthology assigned. See this work's index for page numbers in it which are not specified.)

     The following schedule provides the weeks of the Semester and days of the week in which reading assignments are due. You are required to read this material before coming to class. The rate of reading the material  will most probably not be as fast as is suggested here, with other requirements for the course, such as daily in-class reports.   We will work with this schedule, however, with respect to what may be subject material for in-class impromptu writing assignments.  Practically speaking, however, this may mean that you will be  keeping ahead  of the actual dates when assignments are discussed in class and keeping ahead in your reading seems a safe, profitable,  and good idea.

January 11, 2007, classes begin
January 18, Martin Luther King Day, college closed
January 20, 2010: Posting of W4's before 11:59 p.m
Full and A Session: Class Roster Validation due
Last day for faculty to remove W4’s from Grade Roster.
Full and A Session: Grade Roster Validation due.
March 7-13, Spring Break - College closed.
May 3:  Full Session and B Session: College credit day and evening classes end.
May 4, Deadline for faculty to post grades (on or before noon).
& Final faculty work day.

1. January 11-15: :  A & B: These  letters below stand for Monday or Tuesday (A) and Wednesday or Thursday (B). Friday students read both A & B assignments.
See the Logical Fallacies and Critical  Thinking section of your handbook (Kirszner & Mandell, The Brief Wadworth Handbook,74-78).  How should the following be answered?  Arriving at a conclusion that does not follow logically  from what comes before defines what logical fallacy? _____________.    Shifting the meaning of a key word during an argument defines what logical fallacy? _____________________ The  logical fallacy in which one argues that because one event happened after another event, the event that happened first caused the second event goes by what name (in Latin)?  ____________.  
2.  January 18: Martin Luther King Day, closed.  January 19-22
A.  Gothicism, cognitive distortions, and romantic love:  Poe, Edgar Allen.  Annabel Lee, 949.  What cognitive distortions can you identify in the poem?  See and study David Burn's list of Cognitive Distortions (Cognitive Distortions and Emotional Consequences.htm). Questions on Cognitive Distortions and Fallacies.htm  What is mental filtering?  Assuming  that your negative emotions necessarily reject the way things really are represents the cognitive distortion entitled: ______________

Lyric Poetry: D. H. Lawrence. Read Piano, 1064.  
   Lawrence and Huxley, Taos, 1929
B. Emily Dickinson, Some Keep the Sabbath, 960.  What is the Sabbath?  How does the poet keep it? Why?                
AP Photo, bedroom of  Emily Dickinson in Amherst, Mass.
3. January 25-29
A.  Sylvia Plath's  Daddy, 1074.  What historical figure does Plath compare here father to?  ________ Which concentration camps does Plath refer to by name in "Daddy"? ________________________ Cognitive distortions: Negative labeling is a cognitive distortion.   Question: Where does this happen in this poem?  The so-called "Tyranny of the Shoulds" (also a cognitive distortion) is thought to be a cause of sustained anger.  Freud thought that depression was anger turned inward?  Did Plath accept that view?    Read A. E. Salmon,  Eliot, Plath, and others--Shadows on the Leaves.htm 

B.  Plath:  Lady Lazarus, 888.  Metaphors, 735.  What experience does "Metaphors" describe? Research papers may be on Plath.  See the list of topics below.
Read A. E. Salmon, Caught in a Barbed-Wire Fence.htm
See the following: Student papers on Sylvia Plath.htm
Student paper on Sylvia Plath 3.htm
4.  February 1-5
A. T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, 995.   What city is being described? What two famous people or literary characters does Eliot refer to?  Why?   What animal does Prufrock allude to in describing the fog?  ______ Why?  What two Biblical characters are alluded to or referred to?  Why?  After 1927, Eliot becomes a (a) Republican; (b) Democrat; (c) Anglican; (d) Buddhist; (e)Taoist; (f) American citizen.  Read A. E. Salmon, T. S. Eliot's Love Song and Prufock's Dilemma.htm
http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/t__s__eliot/photo

Langston Hughes
B.  Mental and emotional health, self-esteem and identity: Read Langston Hughes' "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," 974.  What does the river symbolize?
Hughes: I, Too, sing America, 976; Ku Klux, 1034; Harlem (Dream Deferred), 981. Hughes on Harlem and the Renaissance there, 1038-1041. Key Views:  Hughes opposed racism and the expectations in the U.S. that African Americans behave meekly.  What play takes its title from one of Hughes' poems? ____   Read Hughes' Goodbye Christ.htm (a hyperlink) Why did this poem receive a strong negative reaction from the public when it first appeared?
5.   February 8-12
Mythology:  Read A. E. Salmon, Creation Mythology.htma hyperlink  Read Myth and Narrative, 866-868.  Taking early mythology literally: Read if possible Isaac Asimov, The Threat of Creationism, usually available on the web.   Student paper on mythology.htm   Student paper on mythology 2.htm  
A.   W. B. Yeats

Read W. B. Yeats' "The Second Coming," 874.  What two types of bird are referred to?  What are they doing?  Typical or conventional elements (or themes and images) in apocalyptic literature include the following: the coming of a great panic, drastic and dramatic astronomical changes; domestic conflicts (of brother fighting  brother, et cetera, as in Greek descriptions of the future); wars and rumors of war, and a deterioration of public morality. A number of these themes appear in one of the visions of Sibyl:

Brothers will fight and kill each other,
siblings do incest;
men will know misery,
adulteries be multiplied
an axe-age, a sword-age,
shields will be cloven,
a wind-age, a wolf-age,
before the world’s ruin

(From Sibyl’s Vision, The Prose Edda, Trans. Yean Young (Berkeley, Calif., 1973, 86-93) qtd. In Leeming, David Adams.  The World of Myth: An Anthology.  New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.)   Virgil (read  Virgil apocalyptic poetry.htm  ).   Read Apocalyptic Mythology.htm   Non-required reading, but relevant: Martin Luther King, A Study of Mithraism (available on the web). 
B.  Edgar Lee Masters
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_khYoWIBgmBI/STrecRI1bLI/AAAAAAAAAq8/J7f1HYRgHXA/s320/MastersEdgarLee.jpg
Read Edgar Lee Masters' "The Serpent in the Wilderness" Masters' The Serpent in the Wilderness.htm  (a hyperlink)    
Miraculous birth myths: Read Yeats'  "Leda and the Swan," 781. Read Yeats' The Magi, 1102. A recurring universal pattern underlying most literary works is called a ___________________  A rough beast and Bethlehem are part of this work: (a) Carl Sagan’s The Dragons of Eden; (b) The Oxen; (c) Bavarian Gentians;  (d) Enoch One; (e) Dover Beach; (f) Paradise Lost; (g) other. The mythology in apocalyptic literature of the appearance of divine birds (doves, the phoenix, etc.) is used by (a) Yeats; (b) Steinbeck; (c) Chopin; (d) Matthew Arnold; (e) T. S. Eliot; (f) Joyce; (g) Hawthorne.  (Critical thinking about apocalyptic literature. For my work on apocalyptic thinking, although it is not required, you may wish to see Salmon, A. E. Poets of the Apocalypse. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1983. U. C. F. and Stetson University have copies of this book.)  
6.  February 15-19
A. Read  Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.  Harrison Bergeron, 215. Harrison Bergeron:  http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-175006468841636088#   Themes in science fiction, 221.  What is Vonnegut's primary theme in this short story?  In science fiction, in Isaac Asimov's view, the laws of nature are not broken.  They are in science fantasy.  Into which category would you put this story?  Why?
Vonnegut with actors from Harrison Bergeron, the movie version; Vonnegu, http://media.avclub.com/images/articles/article/1858/kurt-vonnegut_jpg_595x325_crop_upscale_q85_.jpg
 B.  Auden, The Unknown Citizen, 690.  What science-fiction themes might be said to appear in this poem?  Luke 15:11-32: The Parable of the Prodigal Son, 214. Author: anonymous. Date of publication: before 200 C.E. 77.  The Parable of the Prodigal Son, 898.  Author: anonymous. Date of publication: between 60 C. E. and 180 C.E.
7. February 22-26
Read Depression and Literature.htm       
Post-Darwinian Poetry
A. Robert Frost, "Design," 1938.

Robert Frost, William Paley, Charles Darwin, Alfred Tennyson
Robert Frost and post-Darwinian literature. Read Stopping by Woods, 1044.   What does the word "design" refer to?   Why does Frost reject "the argument from design," as it is called? Does Frost think the universe has a design?  What beliefs does he  reject?  
References on William Paley:  http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/paley.htmlRead  
B.  Read also  Frost's In White (1958), an earlier version of his poem entitled finally Design.  What changes has Frost made?  Can you speculate on why?  Robert Frost's conclusion at the end of "Design" can best be described as (a) cynical; (b) agnostic; (c) deistic; (d) theistic; (d) an affirmation of intelligent design; (e) similar to the views of William Paley; (f) similar to the views of John Milton; (g) an example of argumentum ad populum.  Read Stephen Jay Gould, Evolution as Fact and Theory,  http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_fact-and-theory.html   Gould writes elsewhere: ". . . I must locate Frost's inspiration (in writing "Design") in his intimate knowledge of Darwin's writing (as expressed in several other poems as well).  Frost, on the morning walk, encounters an odd conjunction of three white objects with different geometries.  This peculiar but fitting combination, he argues, must record some form of intent; it cannot be accidental.  But if intent be truly manifest, then what can we make of our universe--the scene is evil by any standard of human morality.  We must take heart in Darwin's proper solution: We are really observing one of those 'details' that, 'whether good or bad,' belongs to the domain 'of what we may call chance.'   Design does not govern here." (Here, Gould quotes Frost's "Design in its entirety.) Homo sapiens also ranks as a 'thing of small' in a vast universe, a wildly improbably evolutionary event, and not the numb of universal purpose. Some people find the prospect depressing.  I have always regarded such a view of life as exhiblarting00a source of both freedom and consequent moral responsibility" (Rocks of Ages. New York: The Ballantine Publishing Group, 1999.  205-207). More recently, Richard Dawkins has commented on the issue of design.  Read Richard Dawkin's Introduction: The Illusion of Design, http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/1105/1105_feature1.html from Natural History Magazine, November, 2005.
     Alfred Tennyson's famous poem  In Memoriam is published in 1850, before Darwin's Origin of Species (1859).  In contrast to Gould's sense of excitement, the  implications of evolutionary science are depressing to Tennyson, as he contemplates, or catastrophizes about, the annihilation of so many species and the individual and the loss of a God with a goal or purpose in mind for humans, other species, and the world (in sections 54 - 56).  Nature, who for Wordsworth "never did betray the heart that loved her," is now seen as violent and heartless, as "red in tooth and claw": Read Albred Tennyson, In Memoriam,  selections.htm
http://www.skaneatelesdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/tennyson.jpg
8.  March 1-5
Tools for Critical Thinking: Albert Ellis' list of Irrational Beliefs. Albert Ellis's list of Irrational Ideas.htm 
Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, 156.  Read A. E. Salmon, Shadows on the Leaves.htm

Philip  Larkin, Aubade, 900. How does Larkin define religion?

Tools for Critical Thinking: Read Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis in their discussion of irrational beliefs at http://www.fenichel.com/Beck-Ellis.shtml.
Nada is the preoccupation of a work by this writer: (a) Lawrence; (b) Eliot; (c) Joyce; (d) The Second Coming;  (e) Plath; (d) Hemingway; (e) Steinbeck; (f) Hawthorne; (g) other. 
9. March 7-13, Spring Break - College closed.
"The Chrysanthemums" (1990) movie still. Nina Capriola kneels in her garden speaking with Paul Henri.
A.  Read  Steinbeck, John.  The Chrysanthemums, 226.  What does the story's wire fence symbolize?  How do you interpret what appears to be highly sexual imagery in this story?  How does her husband misunderstand her?
B.   Read Chopin, Kate.  The Storm, 110. 

10.  March 15-19
A. Read Arthur Miller's Tragedy and the Common Man, 1837, and Death of a Salesman, Act One, 1772. What cognitive distortions are evident in the thinking of the characters in this play? Where does either/or thinking occur?  Where does negative labeling occur? The symptoms of depression, according to Aaron Beck, include feelings of being plagued  by indecisiveness and vacillation. Compare Eliot’s Prufrock in which the vacillations are those of Prufrock himself, for whom there is time “…for a hundred visions and revisions,/Before the taking of a toast and tea…/And indeed there will be time/To wonder, ‘Do I dare?’ and ‘Do I dare?’….” (ll.  28-37).  They include also self-reproach(ment), self-criticism, or self-condemnation and the  tendency to rate oneself as inferior, less intelligent, less productive, less attractive, or less successful (Beck Depression 239).  Constricting one's cognitive field (279) and making arbitrary inferences (234) are common as well in depression.  How many of these apply symptoms are evident in the characters of Death of a Salesman or in  Eliot's Prufrock or in the poetry of Sylvia  Plath?
 
Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman in The Death of a Salesman; Dustin Hoffman as  Loman;  and then Brian Dennehy as Loman
Who is Ben? _____________________________________  Who is Charley? _________________________  ;  the character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall is called: ________________________.
B.  Read Death of a Salesman, Act Two.  Read Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis in their discussion of irrational beliefs at http://www.fenichel.com/Beck-Ellis.shtml. A character's "inherent unwillingness to remain passive in the face of what he conceives to be a challenge to his dignity, his image of his rightful status" is (a) a tragic flaw; (b) part of the mentality of one of Willy Loman's sons; (c) a concern of Philip Larkin; (d) other.  Emotional reasoning  is best defined as (a) thinking something is true because you deeply feel it is true; (b) thinking with the right hemisphere; (c) the sort of reasoning you find in emotional people; (d) believing that something is true because you deeply feel it is true; (e) a tu quoque fallacy; (f) a bandwagon fallacy; (g) begging the question.
11. March 22-26
A. Read Hawthorne, Nathaniel.  Young Goodman Brown, 420.  Which figure or person in this work says that evil is the nature of mankind?

Read "Young Goodman Brown and the Story of Satan." A. E. Salmon's Young Goodman Brown.htm (a hyperlink) What is syncretism?

B.  Documentating  Using the  MLA Format.htm  (a hyperlink)    A Primer to Recent MLA Documentation Changes.htm      http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Review the Logical Fallacies section of your hand book for the course.
Wallace Stevens.  Read The Emperor of Ice-Cream, 1089. Read Sunday Morning.  Wallace Stevens.htm. (a hyperlink)

12 March 29-April 2
   Crane in Greece less than a year after the shipwreck. The propeller.
Stephen Crane photographed in Greece less than a year after the shipwreck.
The Commodore, a ship. The Commodore's  propeller. Cora Taylor with Crane.
A,  Read Stephen Crane, The Open Boat, 185.  In the Desert, 836.  Stephen Crane's Own Story.htm
Steven Crane explores the experience of living in an indifferent universe with a sense of compassion for others in the same boat, metaphorically speaking, in his short story The Open Boat (pub. 1898).  His first novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893), combines literary naturalism with ironic wit and even comedy. What is naturalism in literature?
B. Matthew Arnold's Dover Beach, 1019.   Question: How would you describe the author's mood? What bothers him?  What way out of his situation does he suggest?
Matthew Arnold and Dover Beach
13  April 5-9
A. Joyce, James. Araby, 538.
What literally is "Araby"?  What city is this work set in?  Which of the following does Joyce treat:  (a) courage in war; (b) Shakespeare; (c) a father's rejection of his son; (d) romantic love and illusion; (e)  capital punishment; (f)  killing an animal and guilt.    What  mythical legend does Joyce refer to in this story? In this work, the Garden of Eden is ironically suggested by what images?   
B. Dylan Thomas. Do Not Go Gentle, 824.  To whom is this poem addressed?  What pun (a play on words) is involved in Thomas' reference to "grave men"?  Read Fern Hill, 1092. In My Craft, 946.

The location of the Boathouse (on stilts over the River Towy) in Laugharne where Dylan Thomas once lived.  Dylan Thomas Centre, which welcomes 120,000 visitors annually, including 20 percent from the United States, and was opened in 1995 by former President Jimmy Carter.   
14  April 12-15
Carl Sagan's Baloney Detection Kit.htm
 
Alice Walker.  A scene from The Color Purple (movie version. 1995)
A.  Read Alice Walker.  443.  The Black Woman Writer in America, 462; Reflections on Writing, 463.  Walker's  critical thinking skills are demonstrated  in such works as  In Search of Our Mother's Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983), Alice Walker Banned (1996), and Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism (1997).   "It is fatal to love a God who does not love you," Walker writes.   "We have been beggars at the table of a religion that sanctioned our destruction." Describing paganism as "of the land, country dweller, peasant," Walker writes that  "All people deserve to worship a God who also worships them. A God that made them, and likes them. That is why Nature, Mother Earth, is such a good choice. Never will Nature require that you cut off some part of your body to please It; never will Mother Earth find anything wrong with your natural way" (Walker).  "We have a beautiful mother/her green lap immense/her brown embrace eternal/her blue body everything/we know," Walker writes and has noted also that   "The animals of the world exist for their own reasons, they were not created for men anymore than black people were created for whites or women for men."  Her  The Color Purple is published and is awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1983.
15  April 19-23
A. John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Eleanor Rigby, 801, and Creating Eleanor Rigby, 763.
 

Ann Druyan with her husband, Carl Sagan, with which she wrote Contact and The Pale Blue Dot.  Jody Foster in Contact.
Genesis mythology. Read http://www.csicop.org/si/2003-11/ann-druyan.html  
Sappho.
  An early 6th cent. B.C.E., poet, Sappho is considered to be the , greatest of the early Greek lyric poets  She was much admired by Plato. Her works were almost entirely destroyed by devout believers.  Fragments in general remain.

The gleaming stars all about the shining moon
Hide their bright faces, when full-orbed and splendid
In the sky she floats, flooding the shadowed earth
with clear silver light.    (Quoted by Eustathius of Thessalonica in the twelfth century.)

A fair daughter have I, Cleis by name,
Like a golden flower she seems to me.
Far more than all Lydia, her do I love,
Or Lesbos shimmering in the sea.

16  April 26-30
A.  Creation myths: Genesis Twp.htm  (a hyperlink) The Serpent of Genesis, Chapter Three.htm  (a hyperlink)The Bible as Literature, Mythology, archetypes. 
B. Creation mythology: Salmon, A. E. "The Tower of Babel: Creation Myths." In the web site entitled Mythology and Literature.  Language creation myths: Language C.htm 

17. May 3-7,  May 3, classes end
 

Research Papers
Topics allowed
English Two research paper typics.htm
Minimum length and due dates:
First version of your research paper  of at least 1200 words is due the first class meeting of week 7.  Final due date of final version of your research paper, 2500 words, is  due the first class of week 15.  Oral reports of at least 10 minutes on both versions of your research paper  are required at the time that you submitted these papers.
 

Supplements hyperlinks.htm

Student Papers: Mythology, The Origins of Satan Mythology, The Origins of Satan.htm

End of Syllabus

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